The Qumran Documents (Dead Sea Scrolls) Essay -- Dead Sea Scrolls

The Qumran Documents (Dead Sea Scrolls) The finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls or the Qumran Documents is the single most important religious find of the twentieth century. These manuscripts have revolutionized the entire field of biblical study and have the ability to destabilize the mass of western religious thought as we know it today. For the information contained in these scrolls, include books of the Hebrew Bible that predate the next earlier example by one thousand years. The data found in these scrolls enable us to form a historically accurate reconstruction of the time period formative of Rabbinic Judaism and of Christianity. By studying the customs and the religious practices of the Essene people we can put together a snapshot of the religious and political times that were in place at the start of Christianity. In 1947 near the city of Qumran, a young Bedouin shepherd named Mohammed Dib of the T'Amireh tribe left his village in search of a goat that had become lost. He threw a stone into a small cave in a cliff thinking the goat had taken refuge inside the cave. When he threw the stone he heard the sound of pottery breaking. The next day he returned and found the entrance to the cave. Inside the cave he found ten jars made of clay. Most of the jars were empty and one held only dirt, but inside the remaining three he found scrolls. The scrolls he found were made of ancient papyrus, stuffed in jars and wrapped in linen. On a second visit he found four more scrolls. These scrolls were taken to an antiques dealer named Kando in Bethlehem in the hopes that they might be worth something on the black market. Kando bought the four scrolls from the shepherd boy nicknamed "The Wolf" for roughly one hundred and ten... ...d to reveal nothing to outsiders, even under pain of death. They must keep all the information contained in their books secret. They possess nothing of their own and eat in common together. They did not believe in the practice of animal sacrifice. They also only worked in crafts that contributed to peace. They also believed that God was the source for all good but could not be the cause of any evil. The dating of the community at Qumran has been done with a considerable amount of accuracy due in part to coins found near the settlement which dated to the time of John Hyrcanus (103-104 B.C.). This indicates that the settlement was begun in the second century B.C. or shortly thereafter. Archaeological findings clearly show that a city existed in Qumran and a community named the Essenes lived in Qumran from the middle of the second century B.C. to A.D. 68.

Origin of Language Essay

Language is a means of communication that is made up of signs, symbols, and sounds or a combination of them. Signs represent something else like aroma and coffee, scent and flower, dark clouds and rain. Symbols are words we use to denote a thing or a being, such as man to mean person, dog to refer to an animal. Sounds are vocal emissions like laughter, sobbing, and groans suggestive of joy, sorrow, and pain. A more complex form of language is its organized system of semantics, syntax and phonetics. Spoken language is exclusive to humans. Language in whatever form continues to draw the interests of linguists, researchers, scientists and academicians, especially in the area of its origin. There are references in the Bible about language and communication. As early as the time of Adam and Eve, there was already some kind of communication and language between God and the both of them. In the temptation of Eve, the serpent communicated with her. There was only one language between Noah and his family. In the Tower of Babel, God was displeased with the people who refused to obey his command for them to spread out across the earth and so He gave them different languages. In the end they were forced to disperse to all corners of the world. This explains the why each geographic location have their own language. (Harub, 2003). Two contradicting theories on the origin of language are the Theory of Natural Selection and the Exaptation Theory. The Exaptation Theory simply put is when a body part is used for another purpose other than for which it was originally intended. An example of this theory is the feathers of a bird which is basically used to cover its body but later is made to glide and trap insects with. The brain processes from its cognitive structures were used by pre-historic ancestors to hunt and gather food. Language depends on cognitive processes and could have been possibly exapted in much the same way as the feathers. The Natural Selection Theory on the other hand provides that our language skills may have been from the brain structures that our ancestors may have possessed in their time. Brains have two neural pathways used for language and cognition. Humans use the ventral stream or pathway for linguistics. While both humans and non-humans, such as the chimps, possess the same neural makeup it is only the humans who have language. Cromm, 2003). Another theory of origin of language is the Theory of a Proto-Language. There are several stages in this theory: (1) the gesture-prior to-sound stage where body language is combined with sound. An example would be the index finger pressed on the lips with a hush sound, is a request to be quiet. (2) words-prior to-sentence stage where single words are connected with others to form a sentence and convey a thought or idea. I / have / three / red / apples are five separate words that connect to form a sentence and convey the thought about possessing three red fruits. 3) phrases-prior to-words stage is where a phrase with a single idea and each word is taken apart individually. An example is: a high and majestic mountain. Individual words are – high / majestic / mountain. The Proto-Language is original, distinct and has no precedent language. (AMNH, 2008). Different linguists each had their own theories. Jean Aitchison, author of â€Å"The Seeds of Speech† believed that physiologically, the human brain which had grown bigger in size than his primate ancestors’, made man capable of developing speech and language. John McCrone who supported the Evolution Theory of Language, was of the opinion that man was able to speak because they descended from the apes who themselves were able to speak when they found enough food to feed their enormous brains. Michael Corballis in his book â€Å"From Hand to Mouth: The Origin of Landscape† theorized that it was a gradual development for language, beginning with gesturing from the apes. With the bipedal hominids language evolved to a more complex body movement. Syntax and melodic sounds were the later developments with the emergence of the larger-brained homos. With the homo sapiens it was a combination of gestures and vocals, the gestures as enhancement and not as foundation. Carl Zimmer, another evolutionist, emphasized that the timeline of the origin and development of language can not be specifically traced because human skeletons leave very few significant clues. Many evolutionists maintain that languages today must have originated from only one ancient language characterized by different animal grunts and sounds. The development of language was a natural and not an intentional process. Noam Chromsky the eminent linguist from MIT, explained that different languages that we have now came from a common and universal language and that the human brains has a fixed and exclusive structure for language. (Harub, 2003). There are several other theories on the origin of language: Theory 1, it may have begun with the use of ordinary symbols to refer to significant objects. A scoop of earth refers to the land, a leaf to the tree, a drop of water to the rain. Theory 2, it may have originated from hand and body movements. One’s palm on one’s heart means me or I, pointing at whatever object means that object. Theory 3, it may have come from the imitation of the sounds of nature, like the splash of water, howling of the wind, the bark of the dog, Theory 4, it may have been from the emotive sounds of natural instinct and reaction, like grrr from anger, ahhh for satisfaction or comprehension, hmmm for agreement. Theory 6, it may have been because of the use of sounds to correspond to intended meanings, like long vowel sounds of o for moon and long e for creek, tree, sea. Theory 7, it may have originated from the grunts due to heavy loads, rhythmic monotones of work accompanied by gestures seeking assistance, like hand signals waving towards the one asking help as he makes the repetitive sounds of ugh ugh ugh. Theory 8, it may have been from words that were almost musical, uttered in cooing such as uhuhmm hmmm hummm hmmm, and laughter like hahahaha, hahahaaa. Theory 8, it came from sounds to advise or make known one’s presence as in yahooo, or to cry out for help as in heyyy. Theory 9, it originated from magical chants from religious rituals, similar to the Maori wish of good health (kia ora ra) and welcome (haere mai). Theory 10, it was an invention of some ancestors when they assigned certain sounds to mean certain things, beating of the drums to gather people. (Boeree, 2003). Michael C. Corballis made note of the stages of development of language. The earliest began over 6 million years ago with the apes and their simple body language as their means of communicating. This developed into a more complicated body gestures with the hominids. During this period sounds were used only in extreme cases as in highly emotional cries and distress calls. 5 million years back, a more sophisticated form of hand gestures by the early hominids were used. 2 million years ago, researches found an increase in the brain size of the homos believed to be the reason of the human’s higher development and facility in language. Vocals became permanent in communication and gestures were a good part of grammar. 100,000 years ago, speaking was in its fully developed stage that it became the main means of communication by homo sapiens. Gesturing was still in use but only as an embellishment. In the modern times with telecommunications technology verbal language become routine and common. It is interesting to note that in the advent of modern technology, with the shift from manual signals to spoken language, man is able to use his hands to work and his mind and vocals to communicate. (cited in Science Week, 2004). The search for the origin of language remains to be a continuing quest for scholars. Researches always lead to the theory of evolution. There is no way to know exactly when language began and where language came from. Scientific evidences such as fossils, DNA, comparative studies on animals and ancient languages can only provide clues but not enough traces. For a while, in 1866 the Society of Paris, the prominent academic language institute of the era, had given up in finding out more about language’s origin. It was taken as a retreat from the battle but not for long. To this day, forward thinkers such as the evolutionists are convinced that they must find convincing proof in the upcoming theories that should attempt to answer the query on the origin of language.

The Major Challenges Facing the Criminal Justice System

The federal prison system has been unable to keep pace with the steady flow of inmates pouring into its facilities during the past five years, despite adding space for thousands of new offenders, according to a U.S. Government Accountability Office report. The report also found that the Bureau of Prisons has already surged to 39 percent above capacity and is projected to jump to more than 45 percent above its limits by 2018 (GAO, 2012). According to a The New York Times article written by Adam Liptak (2011), overcrowding in prisons rose to its highest levels since 2004, when federal prisons were 41 percent beyond capacity. As more and more inmates are crammed into ever tightening living spaces increases in violent incidents are surly going†¦show more content†¦Also, using low risk inmates to cultivate vegetable gardens, raise livestock like cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens to provide additional and more varied food for prisons. This could help improve nutrition and also pro vide inmates with meaningful activity. While at the same time addressing the health of the prison, the security of the prison can be solved as well. Often the movement of prisoners is restricted as a means of controlling the situation and providing safety for all involved. Unfortunately this adds to the stress and hostility felt by inmates. Reducing inmate idleness, by increasing opportunities for exercise and sports, and by allowing religious activities can up the security of the prison. Active inmates are less likely to feel stressed and hostile. There are alternatives to incarceration and they are on the rise in an attempt to accommodate the rising rates of overpopulation. Boot camps are one of most wildly used in the United States, with the first put into place in Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983. The intention was to maximize deterrence, to reduce prison crowding, to reduce the rising costs of prison housing and to reduce re-offense. Boot camps are intended to be less restrictive than prison but harsher than probation. They stress vigorous physical activity, drill and ceremony, manual labor, and other activities that ensure that participants have little, if any, free time.Show MoreRelatedThe Three Components Of The Criminal Justice System1323 Words   |  6 PagesIn the criminal justice system, there are many components and rules that everyone must follow. The main three components are law enforcement, courts, and corrections. All three of these components interact with each other at one point or another in the criminal justi ce system. In the first phase, you have the law enforcement these are people that are looking for the individuals that are breaking the law. According to Smith (2017), â€Å"Law enforcement personnel are also responsible for bringing forthRead MoreYouth Violence, Three Strike Legislation And Drugs1660 Words   |  7 Pagescommunities present major challenges facing criminal justice leaders. 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With the creation of the Canadian charter of right and freedom, access to justice became moreRead MoreLeading Group Challenges1610 Words   |  7 PagesLeading Group Challenges * Police, courts and corrections are part of criminal justice organizations. Each of these organizations face challenges every day and the leaders of these agencies must deal with these challenges (Duelin, 2010). The types of criminal justice leaders range from police chiefs and sheriffs to prison superintendents, and heads of government, state, or local task forces. Some of the challenges they confront are budget and staffing shortfalls, political perspectives on theRead More235764916 CJA 394 Week 1 Criminal Justice Overview Paper SAMPLE page only1665 Words   |  7 Pagesselected issue affects the criminal justice system as a whole. †¢ Describe some of the change(s) the criminal justice system as a whole has made in response to the issue you selected. †¢ Include your opinion on whether the changes are sufficient. 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It grows with the help of technology and society. When the technology evolves and society grows the criminal justice has to evolve and grow to fit the society needs. Whether it is an easy or hard change the criminal justice system never fails us. With any state the criminal justice system is to protect and serve the community so the more it evolves the more the system has to. The following

Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen - 834 Words

First impressions play a huge role in Pride and Prejudice. Characters form an instant liking or disliking to another based on first impressions. Characters establish their reputation by the first impressions they give of themselves. Furthermore, first impressions, once formed, are difficult to shake off. A variety of newcomers arrive at Hertfordshire, and Elizabeth forms impressions of each of them. While most of her impressions are accurate, some of her first impressions are dangerously wrong. The first impressions which Elizabeth and Darcy form of each other prevent their union. Elizabeth’s first impressions of people often turn out to be correct. She perceives that Bingley is a cordial and affable young man from his â€Å"pleasant†¦show more content†¦However, his manners soon gave everyone a â€Å"disgust†, because â€Å"he was discovered to be proud; to be above his company, and above being pleased†. Elizabeth agrees with this assessment, particularly after Darcy insults her by pronouncing her looks only â€Å"tolerable†. Darcy seemed to find fault with everyone and everything at Hertfordshire. When Wickham tells Elizabeth of Darcy’s unjust treatment of him, Elizabeth’s impression is confirmed. She believes Darcy to be, not only proud, but also cruel. To her shame and embarrassment, she finds that her first impressions were false. Darcy is indeed proud, but this was due to his social standing and his breeding. Nevertheless, Darcy was never unjust or cruel. His housekeeper, Mrs. Reynolds, describes him a s a liberal master and a generous landlord. Furthermore, Darcy was never unjust to Wickham. Wickham was the one who had treated Darcy unjustly, breaking his side of the agreement and planning to elope with Georgiana Darcy. To those who know Darcy best, he is the â€Å"sweetest-tempered, most generous-hearted† man they ever knew. Elizabeth is also deceived by Wickham. She initially notices him for having â€Å"a fine countenance, a good figure, and very pleasing address†. Wickham soon wins the heart of all the ladies of Hertfordshire. He is extremely pleasant, sociable, and charming. Elizabeth is particularly flattered by his attentions to herself and his confidence in her,Show MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. 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The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe comical novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen depicts the love life of women in the early 1800’s. Austen shows the hardships young women in that time period had to go threw to find their place in this world. Women were thought of as objects to the men, they were supposed to be stay at home mothers, or simple just a accessory to their partner. Women were the subordinates in life, as they still are today. 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Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries ElizabethRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set sometime during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marrying

George Orwell s The Road - 2362 Words

George Orwell’s 1984, and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, are both authors’ horrible depictions of the future. Even though both of the depictions are undesirable, the authors’ visions are quite different. Cormac McCarthy wrote about how some unknown force has destroyed America and life is becoming worse because of death and crime everywhere. George Orwell wrote about a government with too much power and life is becoming discreetly worse. From an outsider’s point of view life seems pretty bleak, but to the people controlled by the government life seems great because they are being brainwashed to like the government and are constantly under watch in order to make sure they don’t plot against the government. In George Orwell’s 1984, the protagonist, Winston Smith, is in a totalitarian future where the government is always watching everyone, and have the power to change the past and make people believe things like 2+2=5 if the government says so. Winston is one of the few people who don’t like the government and is part of a brotherhood against it, but people like him are captured and tortured until they are brainwashed to like the government. In Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, a man and his son are in a post-apocalyptic future where an unknown force has burned through America and bandits and thieves stalk the highways. In George Orwell’s depiction of the future, the government is torturing anyone against them, including people who just think anything bad about their leader, â€Å"BigShow MoreRelatedReview Of George Orwell s The Road 1923 Words   |  8 PagesReview on George Orwell – The Road to Wigan Pier Course – BA Hons (With foundation) Community studies. 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Eric Arthur Blair, with a pen name of George Orwell, was born on June 25, 1903 (George Orwell.). Blair described his young life as boring and dull, and his dad was never around (George Orwell Biography.). He was taught in England and then joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma, one of the British colonies (George Orwell.). Orwell then movedRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 , Untruths, Myths And False Data Controls The Reasoning Of The Natives886 Words   |  4 PagesThere are principally two sorts of purposeful publicity, one changes truth, purported doublethink, and another makes dread. Doublespeak can be seen much of the time in the realm of 1984. The gathering s huge trademark WAR IS PEACE. Flexibility IS SLAVERY. Lack of awareness IS STRENGTH. (George Orwell, 4) is a decent illustration. The possibility of the motto is to persuade the subjects that what they need, is the thing that they as of now have. 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The Biography of Clarence Thomas Free Essays

Clarence Thomas is a Supreme Court Justice, who has been under criticism since the day that he was appointed. Thomas has been chastised for his views on Affirmative Action and his views on African-American†s evolution into the mainstream of our society. Chief Justice Thomas, since his appointment has been marked as a far right conservative. We will write a custom essay sample on The Biography of Clarence Thomas or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning of his tenure he was labeled as Chief Justice Scalia†s, â€Å"second vote. † Since then Thomas has removed himself from this shadow to show insight on his own conservative ideas. Clarence Thomas was born on June 23, 1948 in Pin Point, Georgia. Thomas is a child of Mr. M. C. Thomas and Leola Anderson. He grew up in a single-mother household. Thomas†s father abandoned him and his mother, Leola, when he was two. Times were hard for his family, and his mother later sent him and his brother to live with his grandfather, Myers Anderson in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather instilled in Clarence that education would be his key to unlocking the door to a successful life. He wanted him to overcome the color boundaries that were present during this time in America†s history. Clarence Thomas has an extensive educational background. Thomas attended an all black high school in Savannah before dropping out and enrolling at St. John Vianney Minor Seminary. Thomas withdrew at his grandfathers urging to become a minister. After his graduation form St. John Vianney Minor Seminary he was accepted to Immaculate Conception Seminary. However, he once again withdrew, this time because of the racial events that had occurred while attending. At this time Holy Cross University began recruiting black students and he was accepted. Thomas worked hard to not only succeed and graduate, but to excel in his classes. He graduated ninth in his class at Holy Cross, in 1971. While at Holy Cross, Thomas met Ms. Kate Ambush and they later married. Thomas† only child (Jamal) was as a result of this marriage (Clarence and Kate later divorced in 1984. He has since married to Virgina Lamp, in 1987). Clarence Thomas decided that he wanted to advance his education and applied to Yale Law School. Again, Thomas applied to a university were a minority program was implemented just a few years earlier, and he was accepted. After graduating from Yale Law School Thomas†s future looked bright. While at Yale his emphasis dealt with tax and anti-trust law. Upon Thomas† graduation from Yale he went to work for John Danforth, the attorney general of Missouri. While working for the attorney general Thomas worked in the tax division. In 1977, Danforth was elected to the Senate and Thomas went to work for Monsanto Company as a corporate lawyer in the pesticide and agriculture division. After a couple of years of work for Monsanto, Thomas became a legislative assistant on energy and environmental projects for Senator Danforth. During this time Thomas attracted much attention from the Reagan administration, which landed him a job as assistant secretary for civil rights in the Education Department. President Reagan then promoted Thomas to head of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. While at the EEOC, Thomas put the agency in position to enforce law. He also changed administration, policies, and implemented new procedures to improve the agency. Thomas† success as head of the EEOC led to a President Bush appointment to the U. S. Court of Appeals in Washington D. C. as a Judge in 1990. He only served 17 months before being nominated to the Supreme Court by President Bush after the retirement of Thurgood Marshall. An appointment to the United States Supreme Court is for a life term. Therefore, it makes since that the process used to appoint the justices is complete and thorough. The appointment of a Supreme Court justice is made by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. There can be many reasons why a person is to be chosen as a justice to the highest court in the land. Presidents have appointed certain people because of their political ideologies, judicial philosophies, gender, religion, or race. The latter reason played a big role in the appointment of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court. Thurgood Marshall, appointed by President Lyndon Johnson as the first black-American to serve on the court, retired in 1991. (Infoplease. com encyclopedia) Then President George Bush, felt pressure to replace this well known minority figure with another African-American. Marshall had served the court from 1967 to 1991, and many minority and political groups, including the NAACP and the Congressional Black Caucus felt that another minority should take his place. Clarence Thomas was the obvious choice for President Bush, but the NAACP and the Congressional Black Caucus, who tend to be more liberal, did not necessarily want Thomas to be nominated because of his conservative views. President Bush nominated Thomas for his legal qualifications, and backed his campaign on promising to only appoint individuals who will interpret the law, rather than create it. After the President made this decision, all that was needed was the Senate approval. However, it was not that easy. Perhaps no other recent appointment to the Supreme Court was more controversial than that of Clarence Thomas. The Senate was ready to confirm Thomas† appointment when the Senate Judiciary Committee reopened the hearings to investigate charges of sexual harassment blamed on Thomas. A co-worker named Anita Hill accused Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment while they worked in two different federal agencies, the Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). MSN Encarta. com encyclopedia) Suddenly, many problems surrounded Thomas† bid for the Supreme Court. The timing of the accusations could not have been worse. Although the timing cast a question upon Anita Hill herself. If the supposed harassment took place in the 80’s, why was she just now coming forward? Ms. Hill†s answer was that she could not get herself to talk about the topic until she felt obligated to do so. In the Senate hearings Ms. Hill, a law professor, had this to say: I thought that by saying â€Å"no† and explaining my easons, my employer would abandon his social suggestions. However, to my regret, in the following few weeks he continued to ask me out on several occasions. He pressed me to justify my reasons for saying â€Å"no† to him. These incidents took place in his office or mine. They were in the form of private conversations which would not have been overheard by anyone else. (Hill Testimony Transcripts) This statement makes the accusations his word versus hers. Thomas denied any wrong doing and called the televising of the Senate hearings a † ‘high-tech lynching. â€Å"†(MSN Encarta. om Encyclopedia) Finally, the debates ended and Thomas† nomination was confirmed on October 15,1991. Thomas would win because the Senate did verify his appointment to the United States Supreme Court by the â€Å"narrowest affirmation vote for a Supreme Court Justice in this Century. â€Å"(O†Connor Sabato, 238) The vote was fifty-two in favor and forty-eight against. The Thomas-Hill scandal immediately made Thomas a well known and a closely watched justice. At first, people and the press watched his actions for other reasons than his race or judicial philosophy. More recently, however, people have come to notice his judicial decisions and philosophy more than his actions. Although Thomas† appointment was amidst controversy, he is now stepping out on his own on his ideas. Thomas† has come a long way from his childhood that started in Pin Point and Savannah, Georgia. He is now a Justice on the highest court in the United States. Thomas† term has been brief compared to the tenure of his collogues, but in his mind he has unlocked the door to success, and is walking through it. How to cite The Biography of Clarence Thomas, Papers

Business Report on AVI TECH ELECTRONICS LIMITED

Question: Prepare a buisness report on AVI-TECH ELECTRONICS LIMITED, singapore also mention its Risk management plan. Answer: Overview of Case and Business Objectives Background of the Case: The management of risks is essential in respect to every kinds of business and this business case is especially focused towards analysing the business case of Avi-Tech Electronics Limited with respect to the risk profile and the risk management as currently managed by organisation. An analysis of Avi-Tech Electronics Limited indicates that it is a Singapore based company that provides a range of specialised solutions and services requiring highly advanced level of technological expertise (Asveld and Roeser, 2012). Avi-Tech Electronic Ltd offers services aimed at meeting out the needs and requirements of certain specific industries including semiconductor, electronics and life sciences industry. The electronic products and equipments as designed by the company are therefore aimed at meeting out the needs and expectations of different industries as identified above. This project is mainly focused towards performing a risk assessment analysis whereby risk assessm ent and risk management framework would be devised for Avi-Tech in detail (Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd, 2015). Organisational Structure: The management of an organisation is usually carried out by way of having a specific organisational structure whereby different functional departments operate in order to carry out the organisational processes, and thereby in achieving the main organisational goals for which it is operating. An analysis of the given case of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd also indicates that the company has specific organisational structure that positively supports the performance of the company in a positive manner. An analysis of the organisational structure of Avi-Tech Electronics indicate that the organisational structure that has been followed within the company is centralised organisational structure whereby the centralised control has been exerted in performing the management of different important functional areas within it. The centralised organisational structure requires the management under each major department to perform the reporting of their performance to the senio r level people such as CEO and the board of directors. This is evident from the organisational reporting chart as indicated below: The reporting structure as indicated above clarifies that there has been centralised organisational structure being followed and CEO is responsible for taking the important organisational decisions aimed at leading the entire organisation to higher level of success (Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd, 2015). Mission of Business: An analysis of the mission of Avi Tech Electronics indicates that the company has the mission of becoming a total solutions service provider for Burn-In, engineering and manufacturing services. This mission of the company is indicated as We aim to excel as the Best Service Provider for the electronics and Life Science Industry with faster turnaround time, reliability, quality, optimum production cost and an extension of our facilities to meet any upsurge in capacity from our customers.(Avi-Tech Limited, 2015). Business Objectives: The analysis of the business objectives of Avi-Tech Ltd indicates that the organisation has certain specific objectives aimed at achieving its mission. The important objectives of the company are indicated as follows: To achieve the leading position in the entire industry of producing electronics products. To efficiently meet out the specific requirements for semiconductor industry by providing them all the necessary equipments. To achieve quality with respect to the products that is offered to its wide range of customers across different industry. To meet out the diverse needs of customers across different industry segment which are being served by its products (Avi Tech Electronic Ltd Annual Report, 2014). Key Business Strategies: The key business strategies that are applied by Avi Tech Ltd indicates that it aims at developing positive relations within its customers because they account for continued supply of products and services to its customers. As a result, the development of positive relationship is considered as important business strategy that allows Avi Tech Ltd in achieving higher level of growth in its operations (Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd, 2015). Identify Stakeholders: This section of analysis is now focused towards the identification of important stakeholders of the organisation. Stakeholders are mainly those parties that have a direct level of impact from the performance of an organisation. They are affected by the activities and decisions that are undertaken within the organisation. An analysis of the case of Avi Tech Electronics Ltd indicates that the company has both the internal and external stakeholders. The analysis of important aspects in relation to organisations stakeholders is performed as follows: Internal Stakeholders: There are relevant internal stakeholders of an organisation and they are responsible for achieving highly efficient performance of the organisation through the application of their higher level of efforts. The important internal stakeholders as identified in respect to Avi-Tech Electronic Ltd indicates that it mainly include employees, management team, and audit committee that is operational within the organisation. As Avi Tech Electronic Ltd is known for meeting out the electronic needs of its diverse range of customers, this has been positively addressed by the company by way of its employees that are responsible for the production of electronic products. Apart from this, management team at Avi Tech Electronic Ltd is responsible for the entire management of organisations operations including the management of employees within it. Their management is carried out with a view to accomplish organisational goals in a positive way (Avi Tech Electronic Ltd Annual Re port, 2014). External Stakeholders: The external stakeholders are also the important stakeholders of an organisation and there are various such stakeholders that are comprised of within the external stakeholder lists of the company. An analysis of the annual report of Avi Tech Electronics Ltd indicates that the company is also engaged positively with large number of external stakeholders. The most significant is its customers which comprises of groups and companies from different sectors and industries. The customers of the company include industries from semiconductor, electronics and life sciences industries. The customers are mainly the businesses from these specific industries that purchase their electronic requirements from Avi-Tech Electronics industry. The customer of the company spans across Asia-Pacific, Europe and US. Apart from customers, another important external stakeholder of the company is regarded as government. The government is directly influenced by the performance of Avi-Tech in the sense that it receives direct revenue in the form of taxation liability on the profitability as earned by the organisation. Apart from these above external stakeholders of the organisation, the other major stakeholders include the suppliers and the competitors of the company. Both these stakeholders have a direct level of impact over the performance of company, as they can affect its performance in a direct way. These are the important internal and external stakeholders of the company (Avi Tech Electronic Ltd Annual Report, 2014). Relationship between Business and Environment: Businesses are largely affected by the environment in which they operate and similar is the case with respect to Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd. It is also faced by the external environment conditions in which it operates and the strategies of the company are mostly driven by such external environment conditions. An analysis of the business case of Avi Tech Electronics Ltd indicates that the company is mainly engaged in the production of electronic products for its customers. As a result, it has direct level of impact over the environment in which operates. This is mainly because of the electronics production process involves the impact over the environmental conditions as a result of consumption of resources. In order to ensure that Avi-Tech Electronics have completely efficient performance with regard to environment, it has specific strategies aimed at ensuring positive impact from the activities that it carried out as a part of its business process. The strategy of Avi-Tech includes preservation and protection of the environment from all the major initiatives that it undertakes as a part of performing its business functions. The company has specific environment management system which is aimed at achieving higher level of effectiveness with respect to the overall environmental performance of the company. This system allows the company in protecting the environment in a positive way. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is undertaken as a positive move by the company aimed at achieving improvement over its environmental performance. This suggests that there has been positive relation between identified in respect to the business and the environment (Avi Tech CSR, 2015). Context of Risk Management Framework: Businesses are faced with significant level of risks in carrying out their operations in a highly efficient way. It is therefore essential that there should be appropriate measures that should be considered by them with a view to achieve higher level of effectiveness in managing risks within organisation. The context of risk management framework in the given case of Avi Tech Electronics Ltd indicate that the organisation is exposed to higher level of risks in the form of manufacturing electronic products and its impact over the environment conditions, risk of meeting out the needs of semiconductor industry, higher level of customer dependence and many more. The context of risk management therefore indicates that there has been higher level of risks to which the organisation is exposed (Avi Tech Electronic Ltd Annual Report, 2014). Development of Internal Risk Environment: The internal risk environment needs to be developed in order to ensure that there can be appropriate management of risks that could be performed. As in respect to Avi-Tech Electronics, the implication of risks inherent to organisational processes is significantly higher because of its involvement in the production of electronics items for its customers. The internal risk management environment can therefore be developed by way of providing sufficient level of training and development to employees responsible for the manufacturing of electronic items, and also by developing rules, policies and procedures guiding the actions of employees (Avi Tech Electronic Ltd Annual Report, 2014). Development of External Risk Environment: An appropriate external risk environment development is also essential in ensuring that the organisation is protected from the threats in the external environment condition. This can be ensured in a positive way by way of considering the implication of risk management systems within workplace that protects the employees of the organisation from external environment threats. There are various such technological systems available that could assist the organisation from the external environment threats and this would therefore allows for the better management and performance of organisational processes. The risk manager within Avi-Tech is responsible for the performance of management of risky environment of the organisation (Avi Tech Electronic Ltd Annual Report, 2014). Integration of Risk Management and Developing Risk Framework This section of analysis is now focused towards the development of risk management and risks framework so that the management of risks can be carried out in an efficient manner. The important aspects in relation to risk management integration and developing risk framework are indicated as follows: Consideration of Why Risk Assessment is carried out in Business: The risk assessment is carried out in business mainly because it allows the company in achieving desired goals in a positive manner. By performing an assessment of risks, businesses could know the areas that would deviate significant from what is expected, and this would allow the managers in performing adjustment with respect to their strategies in negating the effect of such risks. Thus, proper management of business activities can be achieved from the management of risks within business. In respect to the given case of Avi-Tech Electronic Ltd, the role of risk assessment is crucial to it in efficiently meeting out the needs and expectations of the business of performing the development of electronic products in a positive manner. As Avi Tech Electronic Ltd is identified as producing the electronic products in meeting out the needs and expectations of its diverse range of customers, the chances of risk in performing i ts business processes are significantly higher. As a result, appropriate consideration of risk is essential in achieving effectiveness with respect to achieving organisational objectives (Avi Tech Electronics Ltd Prospectus, 2007). Expected Value and Benefit of Formal Risk Management: The formal risk management that will be carried out will result into positive level of value and benefit from it. As for instance, the expected value and benefit from formal risk management in respect to Avi Tech Electronics is that it will result into the identification of areas that deviate significantly from that of expectations, and the resulting impact would be advance decisions taken by the management in performing the adjustment to their strategies so that risks from the processes are efficiently addressed. The better management of risk can be possible and improved level of decisions to enhance organisational performance can be possible in a positive manner. There would therefore be significant level of benefit that could be accomplished from the formal risk management process, and the delivery of electronic products in meeting out the needs of diverse customer groups can be ensured efficiently at Avi Tech Electronics Ltd ( Kouvelis, Dong, Boyabatli and Li, 2011). Framework for Risk Identification and Categorisation: As risks are applicable in respect to every kinds of organisation, they are also highly relevant in respect to Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd. In order to ensure that the management of different kinds of risks is performed in an efficient manner, it is highly essential that there should be appropriate framework supporting the management of such risks in an efficient manner. There are different types of frameworks available in treating risks of different types, but the most basic framework as applicable in respect to Avi-Tech Electronics is indicated below: The above risk analytical framework is the most basic framework that could be utilised by businesses with a view to perform the management of risks that are faced by them in performing the management of their business process. It is essential to establish communication with the appropriate people in organisation which will allow for the identification of appropriate risks in the process. The third stage involves the risk identification which should be followed by its critical analysis so that most efficient understanding of the risks becomes possible. Once the risk is properly evaluated, there should be risk treatment options that should be applied in order to ensure that efficient overall management is ensured. This framework is highly suitable in managing risks efficiently (Kemshall. Pritchard, 1997). Risk Area Structure: The risk area structure in the context of the given case of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd indicate that the area is mainly related to environmental performance, meeting out the needs and expectations of customers, timely providing their requirements to them and many more. These aspects should therefore be considered in respect to Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd so that the overall performance of organisational activities to higher level of excellence can be achieved in a positive manner. Risk Identification, Assessment Techniques and Processes: In respect to the identification of risk is concerned, an analysis of the case of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd indicates that there are various such risks that are evident in respect to the overall performance level of the company. As for instance, a critical assessment of business activities and processes in respect to Avi Tech Electronics Ltd, it analysis indicates that the risks as faced by the company are mainly in the sense that the organisation is extensively dependent on the semi-conductor industry for its performance, and it is also dependent on its customers with whom the company has long term contracts, risk from higher dependence on technology partners by the company, competitive pressures, higher level of dependency on the cost of materials and electricity costs, risk of facing possible shortages of skilled operators and engineers, risks of increase over the inflation rates, higher level of dependency of the organisati on over its suppliers and also over its key management personnel. There have also been the higher chances of changes in the political, economic and regulatory conditions which mighty also impact the performance of the company in an adverse manner. These are the major risks that are evident in respect to the performance of Avi Tech Electronics Ltd, and they should be efficiently considered for the purpose of achieving higher level of effectiveness in its performance (Chorafas, 2011). Risk Assessment Criteria and Processes: The risk assessment criteria and processes are crucial from the point of view of performing the efficient management of risks in organisations. In respect to the given case of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd, the criteria for assessing the risk can be the level of dependency of the organisation over various important factors including the key resources, semiconductor industry suppliers of raw materials, and many more. Apart from this, the risk to the company is also from large number of factors including the performance of the company in respect to the environment conditions as faced by it, and also the attainment of expected level of outcomes from it. This signifies that there are various such criteria in performing the assessment of risks to a greater level in respect to Avi Tech Electronics Ltd. The processes of risk assessment vary from country to country and they are also specific in the context of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd. The production of elec tronic products requires the application of technical skills, engineering skills and many more (Blecker and Kersten, 2006). Risk Register ISO 31000:2009 is quite significant factor from the point of view of managing the risks as it provides guidelines with respect to managing risks efficiently. The important principles related to risk management as per this risk management system are indicated below: Risks as they Impact the Objectives of Business: The risks at Avi Tech Electronic Ltd affects the objectives of the business in a direct way, as it impacts the ability of meeting out diverse stakeholders need in an efficient way (ISO 31000 - Risk management, 2015). Risk Assessment Process: The process in identifying risks can be establishing context, identifying risks, assessing risks, evaluating risks and finally perform the management of risk in a positive manner. Development of Causes: There are various such factors that account for direct level of causes behind the risks as faced by the company. As in respect to the given case of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd, there are various important causes that primarily accounts for the development of risks within organisation. First of all, the nature of the business is a quite significant factor that has contributed towards the issue of higher level of risks as faced by the organisation. In addition to this, the role of higher level of dependency of the organisation over different major types of stakeholders is another such factor that has contributed towards the higher level of risks by the business. Thus, an analysis of the given case of Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd indicates that there are various such causes that have accounted for higher level of risks to the performance of the business activities in a positive manner (ISO 31000 - Risk management, 2015). Consequences of Potential Impact: An analysis of the consequences of the potential impact of such risk over the performance of business is that they would result into the negative overall performance of the business processes and may adversely impact the overall image of the organisation in a negative manner. Identification of Controls: Controls are highly essential from the point of view of ensuring that the management of risks is performed in an efficient manner. The controls that are needed are especially in respect to the dependency level of the organisation over certain major factors whereby there has been extensive level of dependency of the organisation in performing its operations in an efficient manner (ISO 31000 - Risk management, 2015). Evaluation of Controls: The controls would highly be effective from the fact that they are evaluated on timely basis. The evaluation of control can be achieved by way of checking for different risks on regular basis and also by way of timely performing checks of controls. Style, Flow and Quality of Supporting Documentation Conclusion and Plan On the basis of entire analysis as carried out in respect to the risk as faced by Avi Tech Electronics Ltd, it has been evaluated that there are significant level of risks that are evident in respect to the performance of the company. The analysis above indicated about various such risks and also the causes and performance of business effectively amidst such risky environment References Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd, (2015) Avi-Tech Electronics Ltd Annual Report, (2014) Avi Tech Electronics Ltd Prospectus, (2007) Avi Tech CSR, (2015) Blecker, T. and Kersten, W. (2006), Managing Risks in Supply Chains: How to Build Reliable Collaboration in Logistics, Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH. Chorafas, D.N. (2011), Risk Management Technology in Financial Services: Risk Control, Stress Testing, Models, and IT Systems and Structures, Butterworth-Heinemann. ISO 31000 - Risk management, (2015) Kemshall, H. Pritchard, J. (1997). Good practice in risk assessment and risk management 2: protection, rights and responsibilities. 2nd ed. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Kouvelis, P., Dong, L., Boyabatli, O. and Li, R. (2011), Handbook of Integrated Risk Management in Global Supply Chains, John Wiley Sons.